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February 12, 2010

The types of drugs (Analgesic, Hormonal replacement drug and Antihistamines)

Filed under: Drugs and drug abuse — @ 6:49 am

Analgesic
Analgesics are pain killers drugs or pain relievers without a total loss of feeling. someone who analgesic consumption remains in a conscious state.
For example: In fracture patients to reduce pain given pain medication but not for heal a broken bone. Analgesic is not always remove all the pain, but always relieve pain. For example:

1.  Ibuprofen (also known by trade names: Advil, Motrin,  Nuprin and Brufen).

2.  Acetaminophen or paracetamol which can cause liver problems when used continuously in  long.

3. Aspirin or ASA (acetylsalicylic acid), which also antipyretic. Aspirin to reduce fever, headache, and reduce muscle soreness. for the relief of pain was divided into in the 2 groups, ie analgesic and anesthetic.

Hormonal replacement drug
Drugs that are used to replace compounds normally found in the body and has a function that important, for example insulin. In patients diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus) the ability of the pancreas gland to produce the hormone insulin that disrupted production decreases insulin resistance. To replace the hormone insulin it needs to be given from the outside in the form of pills or injections. The hormone insulin has been produced by using biotechnology techniques.

Antihistamines
Antihistamines are drugs given to reduce symptoms incurred because of an allergic reaction.

The types of drugs (Antibiotics)

Filed under: Drugs and drug abuse — @ 6:24 am

Based on the mechanism and how its use, the drug can classified into:

A.  Antibiotics
Antibiotics are medicines given to inhibit the growth of and deadly germs of infection, such as: Bacteria, Protozoa, and Fungi. Infectious diseases due to virus until now have not found a cure.

Medical aims to kill disease germs that cause disease contained in the body. Treatment is usually aimed to diseases caused by bacterial infection, fungi (fungi), and protozoa. Treatment for diseases caused by viral infection until there is currently no cure. Treatment should be done regular and ongoing in order to obtain results satisfactory. If not, then the germs will become resistant (resistant) to medication.
Currently, there are more than 100 kinds of antibiotics, but generally
antibiotics are derived from several types of antibiotics alone, so easy to be grouped. Based on the mechanism action, the mechanism of how antibiotics selectively toxic bacterial cells, antibiotics are grouped as follows:

1.  Interfere with cell wall synthesis, like penicillin, sefalosporin, imipenem, vancomycin, basitrasin.

2.  Interfere with bacterial protein synthesis, such as clindamycin,
linkomisin, chloramphenicol, makrolida, tetracycline, gentamicin.

3.  Inhibit the synthesis of folate, such as sulfonamida and  trimethoprim.

4.  Interfere with DNA synthesis, such as Metronidazole, kinolon,
novobiosin.

5.  Interfere with RNA synthesis, such as rifampicin.

6.  Interfere with cell membrane functions, such as polimiksin B,
gramisidin.

Antibiotics can also be classified based on the organisms that confronted and type of infection. Based on its effectiveness in against types of bacteria, can be distinguished from antibiotics that target the gram-positive or gram-negative, and antibiotics broad spectrum, which can target gram-positive bacteria and negative.

Most antibiotics have two names, trade names created by the manufacturer, and the generic name based on the chemical structure of antibiotics or chemical groups.Example trade name of amoxicillin, Cephalexin, ciprofloxacin,kotrimoksazol, tetracyclines and doksisiklin, respectively
Amoxan, Keflex, Cipro, Bactrim, Sumycin, and Vibramycin.

Each antibiotic is only effective for certain types of infections. Eg for patients diagnosed with pneumonia, then selected antibiotics can kill bacteria which causes inflammation lung. The effectiveness of each antibiotic varied
depending on the location of infection and the ability of antibiotics reaches that location.
How to giving antibiotics
Oral antibiotics are the most easily and effectively, compared with intravenous antibiotics (injection through blood vessels) are usually given for the case of a more seriously. Some antibiotics are also used topically as
in the form of ointments, creams, eye drops and ear drops.
Important for patients or their families to learn the correct use of antibiotics, such as rules and period usage. Rules used include drug dose, the interval between use, the condition of the stomach (filled or empty) and the interaction with food and other drugs. The use of less appropriate
will affect the absorption, which in turn will reducing or eliminating their effectiveness. If the use of antibiotics coupled with other drugs, which need
note is the drug interaction, either with drug-free as well as prescription drugs. For example, Biaxin406 (clarithromycin, an antibiotic) should not be shared with Theo-Dur (theophylline, an asthma medication).

Provide information to doctor and pharmacist about all medicines that are used when receiving treatment with antibiotics.
Antibiotic usage period is a period of assigned physician. Even if you feel well before the been given antibiotics, use of antibiotics should be
completed within a period of treatment.If the use of antibiotics stopped in the middle of the road, then maybe not all the bacteria die, causing the bacteria to resistant to these antibiotics. This can cause serious problem when developing resistant bacteria that cause repeated infections.

Side Effects
Besides the many benefits that can be obtained in treatment of infections, antibiotics have side effects usage, although patients do not always have the effect this side. Common side effects are headache occurred mild, mild diarrhea, and nausea.
The doctor should be notified in the event of side effects such as vomiting,
great diarrhea and abdominal cramps, allergic reactions (such as shortness of breath, itching and red welt on the skin, swelling of the lips, face or tongue, loss of consciousness), white patches on the tongue, and itchy and red stripes in the vagina.

Antibiotic Resistance
One of the leading concern in modern medicine is occurrence of antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, such as bacteria initially sensitive to antibiotics, and then become resistant. Some bacteria develop resistance through genetic mutation process and selection, then give it to a few genes other bacteria through a process of genetic change that there is in bacteria. When the bacteria that cause infections showed resistance to antibiotics that previously sensitive, it is necessary to find other antibiotics instead. Now natural penicillin ineffective against bacteria staphylococcal and should be replaced by other antibiotics.

February 11, 2010

Patent medicine, Generics and Traditional medicines

Filed under: Drugs and drug abuse — @ 8:52 am

Patent medicine
Patent drugs are medicines that are sold with a particular trademark
so the price becomes relatively expensive because the cost
marketing that is borne by pharmaceutical companies, especially
for ethical drugs. Although legally this type of drug promotion
not allowed, but in practice many of the costs absorbed
by medical personnel themselves. For example: acetaminophen or too
known as paracetamol, marketed under the trademarks
(patents) Tilenol.

Generics
Generic drug is made and distributed by a rival company
so the price is relatively cheap. When the patent for a drug has been
expires, the drug is sold as a generic drug.

Traditional medicines
Traditional medicine is a traditional medicine made or down
generations of ancestors. From research-ever done, urinary Phyllanthus has been shown to cure hepatitis. Caused by work force capable Meniran
boost immunity, so as to overcome liver disorders caused by hepatitis B. Wild Ginger (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) is a material for traditional medicine
can be overcome hepatitis B.

About Drugs

Filed under: Drugs and drug abuse — @ 7:56 am

Drugs are chemical compounds from outside the body created by
goal to eliminate or reduce the causes of disease symptoms caused by a disease. Drugs intended to eliminate the cause of the disease known causative drugs, whereas drugs that are intended to reduce the symptoms of caused by a disease called symptomatic medication.

Drugs can be obtained from a medical professional (Doctor) or from the pharmacy (who bought the drug from the pharmaceutical companies). Drugs
can also be obtained through pharmacies, health centers, and drug stores.

Drugs can be purchased directly by the user when the drug can
safely used alone, or authorized by prescription (prescription) written by a doctor. Drugs that do not require prescription from a professional medical drugs known as OTC (Over The Counter) which means it can be bought in regular stores. Recipes doctor is an order (especially in written form) from
health professionals to the pharmacist (pharmacy) or a therapist others to provide treatment to patients.

Counter drugs are medicines that can be obtained without having to using the recipe. Free drug is less dangerous but if overused or can exceed cause danger. Prescription drugs are medicines that must be obtained by using
doctor’s prescription. Therefore, selling prescription drugs (hard) without a prescription including breaking the law (illegal).

Based on the way of administration, drug can be given as:
1.  Swallowed

2.  Chew

3.  Inhaled

4.  Inhaled

5.  Applied to the skin surface

6.  Injected

7.  Infused

8.  Drizzling

9.  Oral drug delivery is a way of giving a most important to obtain systematic effects.
10.  Parenteral administration of drugs used for treatment in emergencies where the patient unconscious or not can swallow and for maintenance therapy for patients treated in hospital.

February 4, 2010

Menstrual disorders

Filed under: Health — @ 9:10 am


1.  Amenorhea
Amenorhea if no menstruation, can be distinguished
become amenorhea oestrogenic and nonestrogenik. Amenorhea
primary, if not a period, secondary amenorhea if mens previously (eg because pregnansi (pregnant) emotional, environmental changes, hipothalamus disorders,pituitary, ovarian primary, and various other systemic diseases).

2.  Hipomenorhea
Hipomenorhea when menstruation blood volume a bit. Menorhagia if the menstrual blood comes out too much.Metroraghia case of uterine bleeding in between periods (not due to menstruation). Oligomenorhea if
mens reduced frequency. If menstruation with Dismenorhea pain due to accumulation of PGF2?.

– Hipomenorhea: blood menstrual out small amounts (less).

-  Menorhagia: menstrual blood out excessive amounts. Abnormalities of the menstrual cycle is the cycle of anovulatori marked lack of ovulation, so the absence of CL and the absence of P4.

-  Metroraghia: bleeding from the uterus in antarmens period.

-  Oligomenorhea: mens frekuensi reduced.

-  Dismenorhea: if menstrual is accompanied by pain

December 30, 2009

The Environmental Costs of Factory Farming and Ranching

Filed under: Vegetarian — @ 9:44 am

Long ago, eating meat was a good source of nutrition, since the use of hormones, pesticides and mass production methods was as yet unheard of. A family raised and processed their own livestock. Every morning the large golden eggs were plucked from the chicken’s nests, which were lovingly cared for and fed healthy pesticide-free grains..

Today’s factory farms use everything, but in the process they leave behind an environmental toll that generations to come will be forced to pay. Raising animals for food requires more that half the water used in the United States each year and one-third of all raw materials, including fossil fuels. This industry is the greatest polluter of our waters and is directly responsible for 85 percent of soil erosion. Our country’s meat addiction is steadily poisoning and depleting our land, water and air.

Of all agricultural land in the United States, 87 percent is used to raise animals for food. That’s 45 percent of the total land mass of the United States.

Methane is one of four greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. The world’s 1.3 billion cows produce one-fifth of all methane emitted into the atmosphere.

Raising animals for food causes more water pollution in the United States than any other industry because animals raised for food produce 20 times the excrement of the entire human population-230,000 pounds every second.

Of all raw materials and fossil fuels used in the United States, more than one-third is used to raise animals for food.

Rain forests are being destroyed at a rate of 125,000 square miles per year. The primary cause of deforestation is raising animals for food.

Coupled with the inhumane treatments of animals that are raised for human consumption, the costs of raising and processing these animals for human consumption is becoming too high.  Make a commitment to reduce or eliminate meats from your diet, and learn to live from the plant foods the environment naturally provides.  The animals and your conscience will be better for it.

December 28, 2009

Tips for a Vibrant Vegetarian Anniversary Filled with Variety

Filed under: Vegetarian — @ 10:41 am

Planning a admirable yet nutrient-dense, adorable anniversary meal for both your meat bistro and vegetarian guests can be a little alarming at first, but it can additionally accompany out your creativity! Many ancillary dishes you accomplish can be calmly fabricated vegetarian, with little aberration in taste.

The aboriginal footfall in planning appropriately would be to acquisition out which of your guests are vegetarian, and what affectionate of vegetarian they are. Do they eat eggs or cheese? If so, you’ll accept a few added possibilities. If they don’t, that’s okay, you’ll still accept affluence of options to assignment with. If you’re fresh to the vegetarian affairs and aren’t absolutely abiding area to start, ask for some ascribe or advice from your vegetarian guests. They may accept some abundant compound ideas, shortcuts, or simple tricks of the barter they can allotment with you to accomplish your anniversary meal alertness go smoothly.

For instance, you can acting vegetable borsch for craven broth, or artlessly leave the meat or meat drippings out of vegetables and soups. This will additionally cut bottomward on the fat content. It’s additionally actual simple to bisect some of the dishes, authoritative one allocation meatless, application the aforementioned vegetarian capacity aloof mentioned.

Most importantly, accumulate in apperception that the holidays are about peace, love, and understanding. With this in mind, amuse try not to be judgmental of what bodies you adulation accept to eat if you are not vegetarian yourself. Support your ancestors affiliate or friend’s best to eat vegetarian. Seize the befalling to apprentice from them. Incorporate account from a vegetarian affairs into your own to ensure your ancestors is bistro a array nutrient-dense, adorable fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, and basics at every meal.

December 27, 2009

Veggies Booty Centermost State at your 4th of July Cookout

Filed under: Vegetarian — @ 10:41 am

Your anniversary 4th of July cookout is bound approaching. Whether you’re assured vegetarian guests, you’ve anew transitioned to vegetarianism yourself, or you’d aloof like to absorb added meatless recipes to accord some array to your cookout menu, there are all affectionate of means to adapt meatless options.

Before beginning, bethink that best vegetarian foods are added brittle than meat, and do not accommodate as abundant fat. Therefore, apple-pie and well-lubricated barbecue is capital to auspiciously assay vegetables. It’d be a abashment for those beautifully broiled peppers to stick to the grill!

Traditionally, vegetables accept been advised a ancillary bowl in best meals, but at a cookout they can booty centermost date as the entrée. Almost any affectionate of vegetable is abundant for grilling. Accompaniment your meal by confined them over pasta, rice or polenta. You can additionally accomplish them into amazing sandwiches with a soy-based cheese and some afresh broiled rolls or bread. Cut the vegetables lengthwise into attenuate slices in the case of zucchini and eggplant, or into blubbery rings, in the case of onions, tomatoes and peppers. If you’d rather accept your veggies in accessible bite-size pieces for confined with pasta and the like, try application a appropriate pan for the barbecue with baby holes that accumulate the veggies from falling through the barbecue and actuality lost. And apparently the easiest way to barbecue vegetables on the barbecue is shish-ka-bob style!

Don’t balloon to antithesis out those broiled vegetables with some beginning bake-apple salads, altogether algid and juicy. Watermelon, strawberries, grapes, and citrus fruits all accompaniment one addition able-bodied in a adorable bake-apple bloom able with non-dairy aerated cream. Additionally use fruits to agreement with some fun smoothies and slushies for the kids – they’re fun and more good for them than bathetic sodas.

December 24, 2009

Tips for a Tasty Vegetarian Thanksgiving

Filed under: Vegetarian — @ 10:09 am

If you’re hosting Thanksgiving at your abode and are assured vegetarian guests this year, don’t anguish about advancing one ample meat bistro meal, and addition abstracted vegetarian meal. Best vegetarians do not crave a ‘meat equivalent’ at Thanksgiving. Yes, commonly Thanksgiving has abundantly about the food. But added chiefly it’s about family, togetherness, beatitude and peace. And if this is your aboriginal Thanksgiving afterwards transitioning to a vegetarian lifestyle, try some of these account to absorb advantageous aliment alertness into your meal that your vegetarian guests, and you as host, will be beholden for this Thanksgiving:

- Bake some capacity alfresco of the turkey.

- Accomplish a baby allocation of vegetarian gravy.

- Keep affable accoutrement abstracted to anticipate “cross-contamination” amid meat foods and vegetarian foods.

- When recipes are adaptable, use substitutions like vegetarian broth, soy margarine (the formulations after whey are acceptable for vegans), soy milk, and adequate marshmallows which are fabricated after gelatin.

- Use vegetable oils instead of beastly fats for frying, and vegetable abridgement like Crisco for pie crust.

- Read capacity lists anxiously on pre-packaged foods, actuality acquainted of agreement like gelatin, whey, and “natural flavors” that can be animal-derived.

- Adapt affluence of vegetable and bake-apple ancillary dishes, but leave them plain.

- Offer affluence of breads, beverages, beginning fruits, and non-gelatin desserts, which are acceptable after modification for best vegetarians.

- Invite your vegetarian bedfellow to adapt a “Tofurky” or vegetarian ‘turkey equivalent’ entrée to allotment with you the blow of your guests, or if you’re hosting Thanksgiving, adapt a baby one. Your meat-eating guests ability aloof be analytical abundant to appetite to try it!

- Ask your vegetarian bedfellow for help, tips, or recipes that would accompaniment their vegetarian choice. You may acquisition that your bedfellow offers to advice out in the kitchen or accompany a bowl from home. Please don’t booty a bowl from home as an insult to your cooking; booty it as a admiration to allotment traditions at Thanksgiving. Even meat-eating homes can account from a healthy, nutrient-dense vegetarian compound abstraction any time of the year!

- Best chiefly – accomplish TONS of new, adorable (not ever cooked) vegetables that are altogether in division like squashes, candied potatoes, and blooming beans, etc.

Remembering the Affidavit for a Vegetarian Division

Filed under: Vegetarian — @ 9:59 am

Christmas is a division of peace, adulation and harmony. It’s a time that brings families and accompany calm to reconnect and acquisition abundance and beatitude actuality together. It’s additionally about account for adolescent man, affectionate and all-embracing one another’s differences. Take some time over the anniversary division to reflect on the affidavit for your best to become vegetarian, and accomplish your charge and adherence to the vegetarian lifestyle. What reason, or reasons, helped you adjudge that vegetarianism was the appropriate best for you?

Was it Economic? A meat-based diet can be actual expensive. Fresh aftermath bought in division can be actual affordable, and can be able (dried, canned, frozen) so that it can be enjoyed after in the season.

Was it Ethical? Did you accept not to eat meat because of the meat processing techniques are abundantly atrocious to animals? Do some analysis on the internet or the library, appointment the PETA website, and you’re actual acceptable to acquisition added aboveboard acumen that affirms your choice.

Was it Environmental? A vegetarian affairs is added environmentally affable – ample ranching operations account alluvium erosion, coyotes and added acclimatized predators are destroyed commonly to assure herds of beasts which are alone collapsed anyhow after on, and bartering fishing operations are damaging the ocean’s ecosystems.

Was it to Improve Your Health? Eating a vegetarian diet has been apparent to be a actual advantageous lifestyle, as it helps action affection disease, reduces blight risks, lowers cholesterol, helps lower claret amoroso and about-face the furnishings of diabetes, lowers the blubber risk, and reduces the accident of osteoporosis, as meat burning has been apparent to advance cartilage loss.

And remember: aloof because it’s Christmas, it doesn’t beggarly you can’t get pleasure abounding of the aforementioned admirable anniversary treats you’ve become acclimatized to, as continued as they are able with your vegetarian affairs in mind. Breads, accolade able with vegetable shortening, egg substitutes, accomplished atom flours and soymilks, abundant choices for vegetable dishes and salads can all be enjoyed by both vegetarians and non-vegetarians akin during the holiday! So bethink the acumen for the season, acknowledge your acumen for your activity choice, and be appreciative of it, and of yourself.

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